In C programming, logical operators are used to combine multiple relational expressions to form a more complex
expression. Logical operators operate on Boolean values (true or false) and return a Boolean value. There are
three logical operators in C: && (logical AND), || (logical OR), and ! (logical NOT).

1. Logical AND (&&):

   The logical AND operator returns true if and only if both operands are true; otherwise, it returns
   false. The syntax for logical AND is:
   expression1 && expression2

   Example:

   if(a > 0 && b < 10) { // do something }
   

   In this example, if the value of variable 'a' is greater than zero AND the value of variable
   'b' is less than ten, then the statement inside the curly braces will be executed.

   Real-life example: In a security system, a door may require two inputs to be true in order to unlock
   the door. For example, a user may need to enter a password AND swipe a security card to gain access.

2. Logical OR (||):

   The logical OR operator returns true if at least one of the operands is true; otherwise, it returns false. The syntax
   for logical OR is:

   expression1||expression2

   Example:

   if(x < 0 || y > 10) { // do something }

   In this example, if the value of variable 'x' is less than zero OR the value of variable 'y' is greater than
   ten, then the statement inside the curly braces will be executed.

   Real life examples:

   A store may offer a discount if a customer is a senior citizen OR a student. The customer only needs to meet
   one of the conditions to receive the discount.

3. Logical NOT (!):

   The logical NOT operator reverses the truth value of an expression. If the expression is true, it returns false; if the expression
   is false, it returns true. The syntax for logical NOT is:

   !expression

   Example:

   if(!(a == b)) { // do something }

   In this example, if the value of variable 'a' is NOT equal to the value of variable 'b', then the statement inside the curly braces
   will be executed.

   Real life example:

   In a rental agreement, a tenant may be required to pay a security deposit that will be returned at the end of the lease term. The landlord
   may state that the security deposit will be returned IF there is no damage to the property. The logical NOT operator can be used to express
   this as: "The security deposit will NOT be returned IF there is damage to the property."

4. Short-circuit evaluation

   C language supports short-circuit evaluation for logical operators. This means that if the result of an expression can be determined by evaluating only
   one operand, the other operand will not be evaluated. For example, in the expression (a && b), if the value of 'a' is false, the value of 'b' does not
   need to be evaluated since the entire expression will be false regardless of the value of 'b'.

   Example: if(ptr != NULL && *ptr > 0) { // do something }

   In this example, if the pointer 'ptr' is NULL, the second operand (*ptr > 0) will not be evaluated. This prevents the program from crashing due to a null
   pointer dereference.

5. Logical operators are commonly used in decision-making statements to control the flow of a program. For example, an if statement may use logical operators to determine
   whether or not to execute a block of code. Logical operators are also used in loops to control the iteration of the loop based on certain conditions. Understanding
   logical operators is essential for creating effective and efficient C programs.